As a result of surrogacy surrogate mother of the child's mother may be a genetic genetically related, in the case of her eggs, or not genetically related child. A number of studies in this area were aimed at clarifying the importance of genetic connection to the future parents.
New reproductive technologies, such as the donation of egg and sperm, and fertilization in vitro, is becoming more and more common, allowing some sterile couples to become parents and create families. One out of six couples experience infertility report (Hull and others., 1985), and the number of those seeking to solve their childlessness using new reproductive technologies increases. For example, the Center for Human Fertilization and Embryology reports that over 8000 cases of donor insemination (DI) was carried out in 1994. The number of those who used in vitro fertilization is not known, but estimated in thousands. Up to 8000 sterile women benefited agencies surrogate motherhood in an effort to have a baby (bathing der Akker, 1998), although not all attempts result in a successful surrogate pregnancy.
Surrogacy programs vary widely. In some cases, the surrogate mother, baby bears, which biologically linked with the genetic parents, as a result of in vitro fertilization using egg (IVF-S) the genetic mother and her partner sperm (gestational surrogacy motherhood; ASRM, 1990). In other cases, the child may be genetically linked to a surrogate mother, but not with the mother, who receives and takes the child (genetic surrogacy motherhood; ASRM, 1990). In
Ukraine the law allowed for the use of surrogate mother's genetic programming egg or egg donor, the use of genetic material in a surrogate mother is legally unacceptable.
To date have been conducted, only two studies, the experience of British couples using surrogacy motherhood (Snowdon, 1994; Blis, 1995). Parents who choose surrogacy motherhood, as a means of creating their family different from others in how to overcome infertility and infertility treatment. In many cases, the parents - the two are not linked genetically to the children born as a result of surrogate pregnancy.
Traditional structural-functional theory lays the basis for the traditional family with the model for marital relationships and parenting. Release from the norm in the biological and social relations, is seen as a deviation (Bernardez, 1993, 2000). Some family studies, however, report a lack of uniformity in the structure and function observed in the various forms of families. The term family is a new time allocated Stase to `show controversial, dual, and the unresolved nature of contemporary gender and kinship ties (Stasi, 1990, p. 17). Therefore, post-family theorists, as opposed to traditional theorists, convinced that family diversity is now stable and widely distributed.
Since then, as a European or American culture, still linked the traditional ideology of kinship, the deviations from it, such as the use of surrogate motherhood may lead to difficulties in the cognitive area of the individual. This is particularly important if there is only partial or no genetic connection with the child's genetic parents. This is not the genetic parents' desire to give wide publicity to the use of surrogate mothers for bearing their child.
A recent study showed that the adoptive parents reported the children the truth about their adoptions, but did not do so at donation, in vitro fertilization or surrogate motherhood. Another study on donors to show that in many cases, couples do not plan to talk to their children about their genetic origins (Humphrey and Humphrey, 1986; Shover and others., 1992). It was found that there are several reasons for the difficulty in discovering the genetic origin of families using donor. Among the causes of the following: the difficulty in the recognition of infertility, the desire to protect children and the fear of rejection by the child. Also, they did not know what the best time and method to select this, and had little information to the child, as well as the identity of the donor has not been disclosed.
Mixed genetic and biological relationship between parents and children in families who used Surrogate motherhood raises a number of challenges for parents and children, for psychologists who are interested in the study of family and kinship relations, as well as medico-legal problems of «ownership» and legal instruments, between the surrogate mother and genetic parents. This necessitates cooperation with experienced specialists in the field of surrogate programs.
International
Center surrogate motherhood, is coordinating the interaction between genetic parents and surrogate mother, to respect the rights of both parties.
Article prepared by:
Chuprinova Victoria - Director of the
International
Center surrogate motherhood
Tsokota
Victoria - Bachelor of Psychology, Psychologist Association mothers with many children (families), the
Kiev region of
Kharkov «AMMA»
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